2. Surveying Instruments and Tools

2.1. Traditional Instruments

1.Chain and Tape- Used for measuring distances (examples Gunter's chain, steel tape)

2. Compass-Used for measuring bearings and directions of survey lines.

3. Dumpy Level- Used in levelling to determine height differences.

4.Theodolite-Measures horizontal and vertical angles precisely.

5. Plane Table- Combines field observation and map-making on the spot.

6. Ranging Rod- Used to mark position in the field and for aligning survey lines.

7. Plumb Bob- Used for vertical referencing and transferring points.

8. Levelling Staff- Graduated rod used with levelling instrument to measure vertical distances.

These tools were the foundations of early surveying before modern electronic equipments like total stations and GPS were introduced.